You can add filters in your store from Appearance >> Widgets >> Shop Page widget Area as in the screenshot: https://jmp.sh/HegTlh4
It is not possible to only used the filters on shop page and not in the category page.Whenever you used the filters inside the widget “shop page widget area” or “shop filters” from the Appearance >> Widgets.
It works for both the pages. Because the category page inherits the functionality of shop page.