Hello,
The error occurs because WooCommerce requires the default billing form fields for order processing. Since you deleted the billing form, WooCommerce cannot validate the checkout.
If you are using a custom code to modify the billing form, please remove that code and check if the checkout works. If you are using a plugin for checkout customization, try deactivating it and see if the issue is resolved.
Additionally, make sure your checkout page is correctly set up:
Create a checkout page and add the default WooCommerce shortcode.
[woocommerce_checkout]
Set it as the checkout page by navigating to WooCommerce > Settings > Advanced > Checkout Page. Save the settings and test the checkout process.
Additionally, if you want to customize the checkout page, Our Checkout Manager functionality allows you to delete, change and re-order the checkout fields inside the billing or shipping checkout forms.
For more details follow this guide: https://xtemos.com/docs-topic/fields-manager/
Best Regards,